Edited The level system, a form of token economy and behavior modification, is used within certain specialized school settings in order to “establish an objective measure of student competence, to enhance student perceptions of their autonomy, and to establish links between classroom-based learning and practical applications” (Leblanc, 2007). The present study examines the perspectives of students at Central Maine Learning Center concerning how motivated, confident, and able they believe they are to maintain program expectations and to earn privileges designated within the level system. Also examined are teachers’ perceptions of how motivated, confident, and able they believe their students are in using the level system effectively. This cross sectional study is a program evaluation that uses a confidential survey for data collection. After obtaining guardian consent, each student was informed of the study by the researchers, and asked to complete the questionnaire privately. Teachers were asked to complete a similar questionnaire examining their own perspectives concerning their students. It is hypothesized that there will be a significant difference in perceived levels of motivation, confidence, and ability between teachers and students. The present study has been submitted to the Institutional Review Board at USM. The results of this study will guide Central Maine Learning Center in its efforts to improve programming.

The increasing prevalence of dementia threatens the well-being of individuals, families, communities, and the entire health-care system. Responding to a need for evidence-based knowledge and community-building efforts to empower those affected by dementia, this study evaluates the Memory Bridge Initiative (MBI), an educational, experiential program pairing high-school students with elderly people who have dementia. Based upon students’ responses to pre and post qualitative questions, we are evaluating MBI by examining students’ feedback about the program as well as changes in their perceptions of elderly people and Alzheimer’s disease. We are also examining pre and post caregiver responses to a standardized quality of life questionnaire to evaluate how MBI affects people who have dementia. This research proposal has been submitted to USM’s Institutional Review Board. It is hypothesized that students will have a positive learning experience, gain appreciation and understanding of their elders who have dementia, and that quality of life scores among the elder participants will improve after participation in MBI. This evaluation informs future service-learning and dementia-care programs.

In this project we are computationally searching for candidate functional regions in noncoding DNA (formerly called “junk DNA”), so called because it does not code for genes. Over 95 percent of the approximately 3 billion base pairs composing human DNA is noncoding, but now it is understood that some of the noncoding DNA affects gene expression. Our approach is to look for non-coding DNA regions that appear to have been conserved across evolution; these are good candidates as functional elements. Our results are promising, identifying both previously characterized and novel candidate elements.

Metal concentrations in the environment are generally low, except in areas of industrial pollution or mining operations where metals may give metal-resistant bacteria an ecological advantage over other microbial species. Bacteria require copper and zinc as micronutrients; however, at high levels both essential and nonessential metals can be toxic to microorganisms. Callahan Mine, a former open-pit copper/zinc mine in coastal Brooksville, Maine, provides a unique environment to study mechanisms of heavy metal resistance in microorganisms; tidal influx functions as a buffer against acid-mine drainage typically occurring at mining sites. In June 2008, water samples from the mine pit and two freshwater seeps were collected for flow-cytometric quantification of bacterial and viral populations, high-throughput culturing (HTC) for isolations, and temperature, chlorophyll, nutrient and metal measurements for characterizing the physical and chemical properties of the water. Samples were taken from the mine pit along a vertical transect at depths ranging from 0 – 60 m. HTC was used to isolate microorganisms from the mine pit surface water and from the two freshwater seeps. Cultures positive for growth are currently being identified through PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, RFLP analysis, and sequencing.

Edited Traditional estimates of exercise energy expenditure are based on measurements of oxygen uptake that rises in a predictable linear fashion. Unfortunately, during brief and intense exercise, oxygen uptake is often non-linear and energy expenditure is not fueled by oxygen utilization. Based on previous published work from USM’s Human Performance Laboratory, a novel approach was utilized to measure both exercise and recovery energy expenditure for the bench press exercise that includes both anaerobic (non-oxygen related) and aerobic (oxygen related) components. Energy expenditure and work-load was plotted across a range of relative and absolute intensities that include 90%, 80% and 70% of a 1-Repetition Maximum and 80, 100 and 120 pounds, respectively. All lifts were performed to exhaustion. It is hypothesized that this methodology will reveal the “true” curvilinear relationship between energy expenditure and workload for short-lived bouts of high-intensity exercise.

edited Empowering older adults and families to obtain quality care in the community can contribute to enhanced quality-of life and extended independence. The purpose of this study is a program evaluation of the application process for the Family Provider Services Option (FPSO) through Elder Independence of Maine. The aim of this study is to identify barriers that FPSO applicants encountered and elicit applicants’ perceptions about improving the process. The method for data collection is a telephone survey to individuals who had initially requested information about the FPSO but who discontinued the application process at two distinct time points. The research proposal has been submitted to USM’s IRB. The results of this study will guide Elder Independence of Maine in their efforts to improve the application process for the FPSO and thus expand the accessibility of the program by making the application process smoother for applicants.

Wherever there are bacteria there may also be viruses (bacteriophages or phage) that can infect these microbes. Many thousands of distinct bacteriophages have not yet been isolated and studied. As high school students in Mr. Nordstrom’s biotechnology class in Farmington, Maine (working with Maine ScienceCorps Fellows Ann Speth and Karoline Perry from USM) we decided to seek new bacteriophages in the environment using safe laboratory strains of bacteria as hosts. Nine bacterial strains were exposed to water from a local pond. This produced a potential lysate. The purified lysate was then exposed to a lawn of the same bacterial strain. It was discovered that there was a clearing on the lawn of Bacilllus cereus. This suggested the presence of phage. However, when the confluent plaque was picked for further isolation, no further plaques were formed. Because of the lack of phage at this step the experiments were performed with an unknown phage isolated from a drainage ditch in Portland, Maine. DNA from the phage was extracted, digested and inserted into a plasmid which then entered competent bacteria in a transformation experiment. This produced a sufficient cloned DNA for sequencing to determine if this was indeed a previously unknown phage.

edited The need for this study was to evaluate permanent supportive housing as a solution to helping homeless persons live more stable and productive lives. The purpose to this study is to assess if quality of life would be improved in homeless persons by providing permanent supportive housing. Tenants of Logan Place and homeless clients of Preble Street Adult Site will be recruited to participate in this study once informed consent is obtained. Participants will complete a questionnaire that measures quality of life and collects data concerning demographic information. The data collection instrument will include the World Health Organization Quality of Life- Bref (WHOQOL-Bref) that measures the following four domains: physical health, psychological well being, social relationships and environment. The research proposal has been submitted to USM’s IRB. It is hypothesized that quality of life will be higher for those living in supportive housing compared to currently homeless persons. It is anticipated that the results of this study will guide the development of services of Preble Street Adult site and at Logan Place.

edited The Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction, first reported in 1973, is one of the most visually striking chemical demonstrations. The Chemistry Club at the University of Southern Maine (USM) often employs the reaction in its chemical demonstration shows for middle school students. While the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction have been well studied, a straightforward and complete description is lacking. Our presentation describes each point of the reaction chronologically, from when the solutions are first combined, to when the oscillations cease. We emphasize the reactions that account for each color change as the oscillations proceed. Furthermore, we offer a mechanism for the initial production of iodous acid when the reactants are first combined, which is needed in the subsequent radical sequences of reactions. We believe a complete and concise discussion of the reaction organized is essential for the reaction's utility as a powerful and exciting chemical demonstration.

edited In its 17 year history, the University of Southern Maine (USM) chemistry club has been extremely active in its outreach programs to local elementary and middle schools. This year, we have broadened our scope in an effort to reach high school students as well. Focusing on honors and advanced placement students who are most likely to continue their study of chemistry, our primary goal is to expose students to opportunities in chemistry available to them in college. Activities include visits to the high schools to speak with the students, perform demonstrations, and for students in an online advanced placement course, tutor and assist with laboratory activities. Students also visit USM to tour the laboratories, sit in on college chemistry courses, and shadow undergraduate research students. This exposure goes a long way toward helping students narrow their educational and career goals and encourages students to continue their study of chemistry.

Edited This study examined how the percent of impervious surface surrounding Capisic Brook in Portland, Maine affected the biodiversity of aquatic macro-invertebrates. Sampling took place at two locations of Capisic Brook: an upper region consisting of 4.3% impervious surface and a lower region containing 23.4% impervious surface. Macro-invertebrates were sampled over a period of two weeks in the fall of 2008 using methods designed by the MDEP Biological Monitoring Unit. To control for varying habitat characteristics, the habitat was evaluated at each sampling location using a Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index designed by the Ohio EPA. Conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and pH were measured at each sample location. The biodiversity of the aquatic macro-invertebrate samples was determined using the Simpson Diversity Index. Using a statistical two-sample-t test (α=0.05), the Simpsons Diversity Index values for each site were compared. The upper region site was significantly greater in biodiversity than the lower. Furthermore, the dissolved oxygen was significantly higher at the upper region site while conductivity and pH were significantly higher at the lower region site. The results suggest that in urban areas the biodiversity of surrounding streams is negatively affected by increased amounts of impervious surfaces.

Edited This research seeks to add to the body of knowledge regarding the efficacy of vestibular stimulation as an intervention technique delivered in a school-based occupational therapy setting. The specific purpose of this study was to assess the effect of vestibular stimulation on a child’s ability to attend to tasks in the course of a typical school day. The research proposal was approved by USM’s IRB prior to the 6 week treatment period. Twelve students between the ages of 6 and 9 were randomly assigned to either a treatment group, that received vestibular stimulation and other forms of occupational therapy, or a control group, that received occupational therapy in absence of vestibular stimulation. The participating students’ teachers completed the Sensory Profile School Companion prior to and post intervention, and student researchers administered pre and post tests using a portion of the Test for Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch). It is hypothesized that treatment group scores will show an increase in attention measures while control group scores will show no improvements. Analysis of data is ongoing. In the interest of providing evidence-based practice, it is important that occupational therapists provide their clients with therapy that has been shown to provide effective results.

edited The Kawa model of practice has emerged within the profession of occupational therapy as a model that could facilitate more culturally competent interactions, a theme that is very popular within the occupational therapy literature (Iwama, 2006; Keilhofner, 2002; Munoz, 2007; Wells & Black, 2000; Whiteford & Whitlock, 2000). Although much of the research has considered how more prevalent models of practice guide intervention, very little published research to date has focused on how the Kawa Model of practice guides intervention within mental health settings. The purpose of this research is to examine how the Kawa Model of practice may or may not guide occupational therapy intervention within a mental health setting. This is a phenomenological pilot study that utilizes unstructured interviews as the method for data collection. The participants in this study included two occupational therapists currently practicing in mental health settings. The therapists had eight weeks to use the model and at the end of the eight-week period, conducted an interview with the researchers. Currently, data analysis is ongoing, the researchers anticipate results that will provide a greater understanding of how the Kawa model may influence occupational therapy intervention within mental health settings.

Edited Research has shown that sleep deprivation has a negative impact on physical and mental health; however, there is minimal research explaining the impact of decreased sleep on occupational performance. This study seeks to explore several areas of occupational performance that are potentially impacted by sleep deprivation, including ADL’s, IADL’s, leisure, and social participation. USM’s IRB approval was obtained prior to the start of this research study. For the 13 participants who completed the study, a researcher-developed survey was completed after receiving two nights of typical sleep and a researcher-developed survey was completed after receiving two nights of sleep deprivation. The data was analyzed using SPSS to determine descriptive statistics regarding sleep and occupational performance. Based on the participants’ completed surveys, there was a decrease in the amount of time spent on performance areas, an increase in the amount of effort spent on performance areas, and a decrease in the amount of satisfaction in performance areas following sleep deprivation. The results of this study, although not statistically significant, illustrate that sleep deprivation has a negative impact on occupational performance areas, as reported by participants, which are all fundamental in order to achieve a happy and healthy life.

Edited Excess nutrient loads resulting from agricultural, residential, and mixed land uses can have detrimental effects on aquatic organisms in adjacent river basins. Construction of residential subdivisions in previously undeveloped areas can dramatically increase nutrient levels in the local hydrologic system, thus threatening aquatic life in the local river basin. Elevated levels of nitrate, nitrite and phosphate can result from residents fertilizing new yards and gardens. This research examines nutrient levels within storm-water runoff samples obtained from a local residential development, as well as surface water collected from the adjacent Stroudwater River. Background levels of nutrients were measured in samples collected from storm-water runoff unassociated with a new subdivision.

Edited Species display mating rituals as part of the process of choosing high quality mates, including healthy partners. The healthy mate theory states that females focus on males’ courtship displays and ornaments because these displays indicate their partner’s health. The healthy mate theory may apply to gray squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, during breeding. Gray squirrels practice polyandry, but males still actively compete for females by keeping close to them during the mating chase. Female choice for mates is observable in this species despite the general lack of obvious benefits and costs of being polyandrous. The objective of this study is to examine the mating ritual chase of this species to determine the identity and number of males with which each female mates. It is hypothesized that males closest to the female during the chase were more dominant and would be allowed to mate with the female more often than other males. This study was conducted in Deering Oaks Park in Portland, ME. Gray squirrels were observed during the breeding season. The following data were collected : the number of males, males’ distance from females, and duration of chases to determine which males were chosen by the females

edited There is little data about Casco Bay to correlate physical environment with biological diversity in shallow water habitats. This information can be used by biologists to assess the health of local ecosystems. Using advanced underwater technology deployed from the Southern Maine Community College Research Vessels Carole Ann and Two and a Half, this study will collect specific data relating to the physical composition and biological diversity of two sites. Sonar and underwater video camera technology will be utilized to examine the difference in bottom composition and bathymetry between each location. Several types of sampling gear including biological dredges, bottom samplers and lobster traps will be used to compile a list of the different species at each location. This data will be combined to form a profile of each individual habitat. These profiles can be correlated with existing Geographic Information System (GIS) charts to create a working model of the bathymetry and biodiversity of Casco Bay.

edited Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is a therapeutic modality in which animals are used by a skilled practitioner to help clients achieve rehabilitative goals. Current literature contains few studies investigating the use of AAT from an occupational therapy perspective. The purpose of this study was to investigate how occupational therapists use and implement AAT within their practice. Using Survey Monkey, the researchers created an eighteen question survey. Topic areas investigated included: the age of the clients, the length and frequency of the sessions, the types of animals used, and the beneficial outcomes of AAT. The survey was distributed to licensed occupational therapists across the United States who were members of their state occupational therapy association. Ten therapists participated in this study. Data revealed that many therapists do not have a significant amount of experience using AAT, as 40% of participants have reported using AAT for less than two years. Additionally, 80% of participants used AAT with individuals with physical and learning disabilities. The information provided, though limited, described the frequency and manner surrounding the use of AAT by occupational therapists. Study results seek to contribute to the growing evidence supporting the use of AAT as a valid therapeutic modality within occupational therapy.

edited A study was performed at the University of Southern Maine’s Gorham campus to determine if there was a significant difference between lead and copper concentrations in water samples collected from water fountains. Twenty-eight water fountains were sampled from eight non-residence buildings over a thirteen day period. Samples were collected in sterile 250 milliliter polyethylene bottles, using a first draw method after water was allowed to stand overnight without disturbance. Replicate samples were collected from each fountain and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry. Analysis of samples showed that no lead was present above the detection level (10 micrograms/liter) of the ICP spectrometer, and that no significant relationship existed between copper concentration and fountain age. There was a positive correlation between pH and copper concentration, as well as between copper concentration and floor level. In one building, copper concentrations were significantly higher than in all other buildings sampled. Two fountains were found to exceed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) action level of 1.3 mg/L for copper. A relationship may exist between fountain manufacturers and copper concentrations, and between copper concentrations in refrigerated and non-refrigerated fountains, but further research is needed. Analysis of control samples taken from the Portland Water District compared to water samples collected from the fountains showed that a significant amount of copper is released into water between the source and the fountain head.

Edited Demographics are a basic tool in determining the status of harvested fisheries. Fish length, weight, gonad weight, and age are critical pieces of information used to determine harvesting pressure and "health" of anadromous, marine and freshwater fish runs. Alewives were collected from two Maine rivers in 2008, the St. George and the Eastern, for demographic analysis. Collected fish were intercepted on their way to spawning grounds. Samples were sexed, length (mm) and weight (g) recorded. Scale and otoliths were extracted. Aging of fish was accomplish using a microfilm projector. Scales were aged three times, once each by independent agers, and, where agers disagreed, a third time by both agers. Figures generated included length at age and weight at age for combined samples and by sex. Demographic data were compared to data collected for alewives from across the state by the Maine Department of Marine Resources.

Edited Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phosphorylated glycoprotein of the SIBLING protein family that is highly expressed in multiple human tumors, including breast cancer. Recent evidence suggests that OPN expression is correlated with tumor progression. OPN is currently being explored as a potential non-invasive biomarker for diagnosis and progression of cancer, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to detect and quantify full-length OPN levels in plasma of cancer patients. Existing assays do not account, however, for post-translationally modified OPN proteolytically cleaved by thrombin and matrix metalloproteinases. Upon cleavage, N-terminal OPN fragments reveal cryptic receptor binding sites, allowing an increased binding affinity specifically to 91 and 51 integrins compared to full-length OPN. Therefore, it is hypothesized that N-terminal fragment may be more biologically relevant and thus provide a better biomarker than full-length for breast cancer diagnosis. In the current study, an ELISA format has been developed using a C-terminal OPN specific monoclonal antibody for the depletion of full-length OPN to allow for specific detection of N-terminal OPN fragments employing monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes of N-terminal OPN. The ELISA developed has been used in quantification of N-OPN fragment in plasma of breast cancer patients to evaluate the potential of N-OPN fragment as a cancer marker.

Edited Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems are an efficient and economic way of delivering heating, cooling, and hot water to residences and businesses. GSHP systems extract heat from the relatively constant temperature of the earth at depth, which in New England averages in the low 50s year-round. The goal of this research is to explore GSHP systems with the addition of a solar hot water heater (SHWH) into the circuit to circulate and store additional heat energy in the ground loop. This will improve the efficiency and reduce the operating costs of such a system. The research will involve mathematical modeling of the temperature distribution through time in the ground loop vicinity both with and without the SHWH input. A hypothetical case of a well-insulated home in a climate similar to Boston, Massachusetts will be examined. The results will be analyzed to determine whether the addition of stored subsurface heat reduces the operating costs enough to offset the capital costs of the SHWH.

edited In October 2005, Sherman Lake (Newcastle, Maine) drained when the dam was breached by flood waters, revealing a salt marsh that had been submerged for 70 years. In July 2007, researchers collected benthic invertebrate and sediment samples from 8 sites within the tidal creeks of the newly revealed salt marsh, and 5 sites in the adjacent Marsh River. In this project, we assessed the suitability of sediments for benthic invertebrate re-colonization by measuring sediment grain-size composition and percent organic content, and related sediment characteristics to the location in the marsh.

edited When protein natural structure becomes modified due to oxidative stress, the innate biological functionality becomes compromised. Consequently, high levels of oxidized proteins have been implicated in neuro-degeneration, aging, heart disease, and other deleterious effects. Students enrolled in CHY116 are undertaking the synthesis and characterization of model compounds that are designed to label proteins at the oxidatively damaged site. Ultimately, a target molecular probe will be synthesized employing the optimal reaction conditions discovered while preparing model compounds, and the resulting molecular probe will be used to label, isolate, and aid characterization of proteins that are susceptible to oxidative stress.

Marine microbes maintain an integral role in the global ocean ecosystem. Within this community, marine cyanobacterial species, such as the extremely small (< 1 um) yet abundant Prochlorococcus, account for a significant portion of the microbial community. The biogeography (e.g. extent of the latitudinal distribution) of this cyanobacterial genus is still being explored, especially as increases in sea surface temperature due to global climate change may allow these populations to extend further towards the polar regions, beyond the presumed 40° latitude “limit”. In December of 2008, our laboratory participated in a larger oceanographic research cruise in the Patagonian Shelf Upwelling Ecosystem of the Southern Atlantic. To explore the biogeography of microbial picoplankton, samples were collected along a North South transect (from 38° S to 50° S) in highly productive coastal slope water and deeper, nutrient-poor (oligotrophic) waters. Flow cytometry will be used to determine what types of picoplankton are present in these cooler, lower latitude waters. Additionally, on deck incubation experiments were conducted to explore the influence of increased carbon dioxide levels on the picoplankton community. We will present a brief overview of an oceanographic research cruise, as well as the initial biogeographic results.

edited The purpose of this study was to examine the effects the Nintendo Wii has on the social interaction of elders residing in an assisted living facility. This quantitative experimental study used the BAFPE Social Interaction Scale to obtain pre and post scores to assess the change in social interaction among participants after use of the Nintendo Wii. This study involved an experimental group and a control group of 10 participants each. This study found that the social interaction of participants engaging in play of the Nintendo Wii increased as compared to the control group who did not change their daily routine. There was a statistically significant increase in social interaction scores of the experimental group following use of the Wii. In addition, an overall increase in scores of the experimental group was noted as compared to those of the control group. Previous studies have found that individuals who have moved into assisted living facilities become less socially active. The occupational therapy profession looks at the client from a holistic perspective treating the person’s physical, mental, and social issues. The researchers hope that an increase in social interaction of elders will lead to an increase in physical, mental and social health.

edited Silver nanomaterials are commonly used in medicine and consumer products, yet studies on their health effects remain limited. We have investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanomaterials on human cells by testing dialyzed silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs; 15 nm), PEGylated silver nanoparticles (15 nm), and silver nanorods. Using flow cytometry we demonstrated that incubation of human T leukemia cells JURKAT, with Ag NP and PEGylated Ag NPs resulted in uptake of the nanomaterials in a dose-response fashion. Results of MTT assays showed that the cytotoxic effect of silver nanomaterilas was dependant on their physico-chemical properties and the target cell types, with silver nanorods exhibiting higher toxicicity overall. The genotoxic effect of Ag NPs was tested on human peripheral blood samples using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. In comparison to controls, human peripheral blood cells treated with Ag NPs for 72 h exhibited significantly higher numbers of micronuclei (MNi; a biomarker of chromosome breakage or loss). The Nuclear Division Index (NDI; an indicator of cell viability and proliferation) values of these Ag NP-treated blood cells were also significantly lower than normal. In summary, our preliminary results demonstrate that silver nanomaterials exhibit toxic and genotoxic effect in human cells.

edited To simulate a real life experience, our advanced web development class was split into teams and assigned clients who desired web-related projects. Our team was assigned to develop a computer hardware management system for tracking computer equipment, users, and software in the clients' system. Using PHP, SQL, and HTML we began development of the system. We progressed to add, remove, and edit both hardware and software in the database, as well as the ability to generate reports on inventory. Future work will provide further detail on the software within computers and the organization and management of software licenses and expiration dates. It will also provide information on services performed on each machine and the solutions to continuing problems. This particular project will be ongoing, with the hopes of greater functionality and performance for the client.

This project develops an online GIS portal to provide access to FGDC standard metadata and its associated spatial data for the State of Maine Library of Geographic Data (GeoLibrary) Board. The public will be able to use the portal to search and access these data. Users of the portal will be able to upload their own metadata and shapefile data which will be hosted for free. The project builds on existing open-source GIS software such as GeoNetwork, GeoTools, and MapServer. All of the metadata and spatial data have been stored in a PostGIS spatially enabled database. Spatial data have been provided in various formats including Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), Standard Web Map Service (WMS), and Keyhole Markup Language (KML) for viewing. One goal of this project is to provide users with spatial data in modern formats without requiring them to learn new skills. Another goal is to provide greater access to spatial data by providing the data hosting service for users and also providing the portal as an interface to the data. The chief purpose of the project is the provision of a publicly accessible centralized spatial data repository for the State of Maine. Such a repository promotes the dissemination and employment of spatial data throughout the state via its hosting and cataloging services. This work is done through support from USM's Research Computing Group and the School of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology.

edited Used cigarette filters (i.e. butts) are the largest form of litter worldwide. Our research studies the environmental contaminants in cigarette waste (filters and ash) and the fate of contaminants after improper disposal in the environment. Levels of heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in solid cigarette wastes have been analyzed for different cigarette brands. Metals concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). XRF allowed the determination of a broad range of metals in cigarette ash and used filters. Analysis of cigarette ash samples showed relatively high concentration levels of Hg (4.989 ppm), Pb (10.921 ppm), Zr (25.224 ppm), Sr (225.999 ppm), Zn (42.495 ppm), and Cr (6.301 ppm). Data collected from XRF analyses was compared with ICP data for cadmium, chromium, lead and arsenic; known to be very toxic for the environment even at low concentrations. This study also investigated levels of PAHs in cigarette waste using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. All of our results have shown the presence of relatively high concentrations of metals and PAHs in used cigarette filters and ash, indicating that improperly disposed of cigarette wastes poses a threat to our environment.

edited Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants produced from predominantly anthropogenic sources. PAHs originating from petrogenic and pyrogenic sources each have distinct characteristics and compositions that allow for the identification of specific sources at each sampling site. This study investigated the sources of PAHs in street dust, which include deposition of ash and littering of filters from cigarettes, application of driveway sealant, leaching from asphalt, car exhaust, and gasoline and oil spills. Street dust samples were collected from varying locations on or nearby to the USM Portland campus. These include samples collected from campus walkways, campus building entranceways, and campus parking lots. In addition, curbside dirt was collected along Forest Avenue and Falmouth Street in Portland, as well as residential driveways in close proximity to the campus. Analytical results obtained from each of the samples indicate that each sampling sites is impacted with PAHs. These results also indicate that the levels and characteristics of the individual PAH compounds indicates that the sources vary among the locations. Characterization of PAHs in each sample allowed us to determine the major sources impacting each area. 

Edited Cancer biomarkers are molecules that are associated with malignancy. They are either not detectable or present in significantly lower level in individuals without cancer. Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phosphoprotein that is associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, renal injury, and inflammation. It has been consistently found at elevated levels in patients with cancers of various tissue origin including breast, lung, prostate, gastric, esophageal, neural and oral cavity. In the recent years, there has been much interest in investigating the potential of osteopontin as a cancer biomarker. In our laboratory, we have attempted to develop antibody-based immunoassays for detection and quantification of osteopontin in cancer specimens. Several monoclonal antibodies have been raised against osteopontin and its fragments and are currently used in development of various formats of immunoassays for quantification of osteopontin and their N-terminal and C-terminal fragments.

Edited This study compares the genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium and its repair in whale cells and human cells. Phosphorylated gamma-H2AX histone protein repair foci have been photographed using the confocal microscope. Specialized software has been used to count the foci, and the results interpreted in terms of our hypothesis that whale cells have better DNA repair than human cells.

Edited Group 14 metalloles exhibit a striking enhancement of fluorescence on aggregation, which makes them ideal candidates for solid state optoelectronic devices. For a variety of metalloles, the aggregate size and fluorescence will be measured as a function of the percentage of water in a mixed solvent system.

Edited Group 14 metalloles have attracted much interest due to their unusual solid-state fluorescence behavior. Synthetic efforts have been made to tailor these molecules to specific purposes such as electro-optic devices, analytical sensors, and probes of protein environments. Using the Research Computing Group's computing cluster and the ADF/ADF-BAND program, metallole band gaps as a function of structure and environment have been examined in this study.

Edited Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are being developed for flat panel displays and lighting applications. These devices can be tailored to emit specific wavelengths of light by passing a current of electricity through them. Construction of these devices requires a photoactive species, often embedded in a polymer matrix, sandwiched between two electrodes. Thin films of photoactive molecules dispersed in a series of polymers and record the devices photoluminescence spectra have been fabricated. The next step was to apply a current to the devices and record the electroluminescence of the devices. The results of the tests of several photoactive molecules and several polymer matrices completed in this research project will be presented.

Edited The Ttc7 gene was discovered as a result of characterizing the mouse flaky skin (fsn) mutation. The defective gene results in an autoimmune disease in the affected mice that is similar to human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Ttc7 has no known function and therefore it is important to define the function of this protein to gain understanding of the development of SLE. The purpose of this project is to recombinantly express the protein and purify it from the cell extracts by affinity chromatography. The purified proteins will be characterized by polyacrylamide gele electrophoresis and spectroscopy. Isolating purified protein will be necessary for the biochemical characterization of the protein function.

edited The aggregation-induced enhancement (AIE) of fluorescence exhibited by group-14 metalloles is of considerable theoretical and practical interest. We are using dynamic light scattering to measure the size of aggregates in mixed solvent systems, and correlating these measurements to changes in luminescence. Recent work suggests that in some solvent systems, the aggregates undergo a rapid growth and settling, while in other solvents the aggregate size is relatively stable for short (3-6 hours) periods of time. We present stability studies of tetraphenyl siloles in a variety of mixed solvent systems.

Edited Preliminary observations suggest that female flies fly somewhat faster through a wind tunnel than male flies. Accurate measurements of body weight and wind tunnel performance will answer the following questions: 1) Exactly how much difference in performance is there between the sexes? 2) Exactly how much does performance of each sex depend on its body weight? 3) Do females perform better than males only because they are larger, or is one sex actually faster for its size?

Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are ubiquitous and abundant marine picocyanobacteria dominating the oligotrophic oceans, including regions where low inorganic phosphorus (P) limits growth. Prochlorococcus may have a competitive edge due to its low cellular P requirement and ability to utilize organic P compounds. We have further explored whether Prochlorococcus also have a competitive advantage due to its P uptake system. In the Moore lab, the uptake of P-32 labeled organic (ATP) and inorganic (PO4) P sources and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (APase), an enzyme which cleaves PO4 from organic P sources, were measured in cultures of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. Both cyanobacteria increased their maximum uptake velocities (Vmax) as the cultures went from P-replete to P-starved conditions, indicating an increase in the number of cell membrane transporters. APase activity increased under the same conditions, presumably due to increasing numbers of APase enzymes in the membrane. These physiological changes are consistent with increasing efficiency in P uptake under conditions of low P concentration. Additionally, we used C-14 labeled ATP to verify that the cells are cleaving the PO4 from the ATP molecule extracellularly and transporting the PO4 molecule rather than incorporating the whole ATP molecule into the cell.

edited The success or failure of any criminal investigation often depends on the recognition of the physical evidence and the proper analysis of that evidence with the ultimate goal to reconstruct the crime. Crime scenes that involve bloodshed contain a wealth of information in the form of bloodstains. When properly analyzed the pattern, size, shape, and the location of the bloodstains become extremely valuable in the reconstruction of the events that occurred. This methodology uses a combination of measurements, mathematical equations, combined to calculate the approximate angles that the blood impacted the surface. Once the calculations are complete a series of strings are used to show the angle, which will point to the origin of the bloodstains. This knowledge once applied determines the sequence of events as well the approximate position of the victim when blood exited their body, and can prove or disprove the witness and suspect statements.

edited Today in third world countries over 80% of water is used toward irrigation. Through the use of flood irrigation, massive amounts of fresh water is being wasted. The purpose of our research is to look into ways we can develop an inexpensive more efficient irrigation technique to implement. Methods of improving current condition will include: Improving the efficiency of current flood irrigation techniques, creating new untapped sources of fresh water through seawater desalinization, and developing and expanding on alternative irrigation techniques such as spray irrigation and drip irrigation. The techniques prepared will be validated by measuring irrigation water use before and after the alternative irrigation methods are implemented. Even though cost for these irrigation techniques will increase, the water savings will drive the cost of water down for countries in need. By reducing the amount of waste used by irrigation, cleaner water can be used for more basic needs.

edited The primary objective of this project will focus on the morphological changes of Willard Beach, in Simonton Cove, South Portland, Maine. Data gathered from Southern Maine Community College students and the State of Maine Beach Profiling Project will be used to determine if the beach has been eroding or accruing sand over the past five years. Through five years of data collection and aerial photographs, information will be analyzed to discover how the coastline is changing. It is anticipated that the beach is eroding and consideration of storms, coastal flooding, and vegetation concentrations also will be taken into account.

Today in third world countries over 80% of water is used for irrigation. Flood irrigation is the act of diverting water into a basin for storage, later to be used in the soil. Through the use of flood irrigation massive amounts of fresh water are being wasted. The purpose of our research is to look into ways to look into an inexpensive, more efficient irrigation technique. Methods of improving the current condition will look into: Improving the efficiency of current flood irrigation techniques, creating new untapped sources of fresh water through seawater desalinization, and researching on alternative irrigation techniques such as spray irrigation and drip irrigation. This will be focused on areas where there is limited fresh water, like Torreon Mexico, where farmers are growing crops like alfalfa which bring in good money, but use a lot of water in dry regions. The techniques will be researched to show what methods have worked for areas, or have not worked in areas. Even though costs for these irrigation techniques will increase, the water savings will drive the demand of water down for countries in need. By reducing the amount of waste used by irrigation, more clean water can be used for basic needs.

The model of subsurface facies was created to understand the dynamics of the coastal environment at Popham Beach, ME. When standard methods become impractical, alternative methods must be used. Creating a 3-Dimensional model from the more practical Ground Penetrating Radar methods proves more efficient and just as effective as traditional coring methods. The research shows GPR analog data from Popham Beach, Maine and how it was digitized and used to create both 2-D cross-sections and a 3-D fence diagram. Recognizing the reflectors from the GPR as sedimentological facies and tracking them through the study area will show the morphological changes through time at Popham Beach, Maine. Some of these reflectors include bedrock, water table, dune facies, spit facies, and beach progradation facies. There was also evidence for a paleo channel of the Kennebeck River. Further research would determine it as a tributary, or the Paleo-Kennebeck itself. Futher research with these methods in other areas of rapid coastal change may prove useful, especially in areas where development by humans make coring more difficult than GPR.

This project aims to identify and remove potential causes of surface water contamination at the source of several springs in La Tinajita. Common problems are accessibility by animals and insects, contamination by road runoff and storm overflow. These contaminations are a major cause of illness. After obtaining data about the geography, options will be weighed based on affordability, ease of maintenance and effectiveness. The options may include developing a seepage spring to channel the water to a smaller hence more easily protected area. Fences to keep animals out and even spring catchment boxes to protect against insect breeding in the water may be called for. Uphill of the spring may require landscaping to redirect rain water and domestic wastes away from the spring. We predict that the quality of the water will be at a consistently higher level after this work.

edited Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifaceted protein associated with normal physiological processes including bone formation and immune responses. Its expression is also associated with human pathologies such as auto immune disease, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis as well as cancer. OPN is overexpressed in several malignancies, including breast, lung, ovarian, prostrate, and gastric tumors. In tumor development, OPN has been shown to contribute to tumor cell attachment, growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Given OPN’s role in tumor development, OPN may serve as a cancer biomarker to assist in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients. To investigate the utility of OPN as a biomarker, five monoclonal antibodies specific to osteopontin were developed and used in a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Different test formats were evaluated to optimize the quantitative OPN ELISA. A comparison of OPN concentrations from breast cancer and normal plasma samples was made using the ELISA. Nine normal blood samples were collected to assess the effects of different blood collection tubes, time left at room temperature, and freeze/thaw cycles. The five monoclonal antibodies were further characterized to assess their ability to detect recombinant and native OPN forms using different formats, such as cellular ELISA and Western blot analysis.

edited Group-14 metallacyclopentadienes (metalloles) are the subject of intensive investigation due to their striking luminescence characteristics. These compounds are atypical of most luminescent compounds in that the intensity of luminescence increases when forced to aggregate in mixed solvent systems containing poor solvent, whereas most compounds experience self-quenching. This aggregated-induced fluorescence (AIE) phenomenon has lead to their use in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and other applications. We present the synthesis of a group-14 metalloles via an efficient synthetic scheme using standard Schlenk techniques. The product will be characterized by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and luminescence spectroscopy.

edited The study of the interactions of microbial life, in particular environmental settings, provides insights into important ecological relationships. Mount Chase, located near Patten, Maine, is the site of a major metal-rich massive sulfide deposit that formed during Maine’s ancient volcanic past. It is likely that such an environment would be enriched for microbes tolerating and possibly utilizing these metals. Total DNA was isolated from both surface water and soil collected on Mount Chase using a commercial environmental DNA extraction kit by Ms. Harvey’s students from Katahdin High School working with USM Maine ScienceCorps fellows Darrin Ramsdell and Frank Riley. Obtaining environmental DNA samples permits initial study of microbial biodiversity of the site without cultivating the microbes present. Small ribosomal subunit genes of bacteria are widely used for bacterial identification. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify highly conserved 16S rRNA small ribosomal subunit genes that are often used in bacterial identification based on DNA sequence comparisons. The amplified fragments were ligated into pDrive vectors to generate recombinant DNA clones. This is an initial step in the identification of uncultured bacteria to establish a microbial biodiversity profile of this site.

edited Astrobiology encompasses the study of life in extreme environments and contributes to our understanding of the limitations placed on microbial life in such settings on Earth and also suggests constraints that may be relevant in extraterrestrial environments. Katahdin Iron Works, a historic iron mining site located near Brownville Junction, Maine, is the site of a massive iron ore deposit where acid mine seepage remains evident, even more than a century since mining operations were discontinued. Water samples reveal extremely low pH and highly solubilized metal ions. Students at Millinocket’s Stearns High School together with ScienceCorps fellows Frank Riley and Darrin Ramsdell here present initial culture-indepented microbial biodiversity study of this former mining site. Total uncultured bacterial DNA was isolated from environmental samples using a DNA extraction kit from MoBio, Inc. Bacterial small ribosomal subunit genes (16S rRNA genes) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order to attempt identification of these unknown bacteria. The amplified sequences were cloned into the pDrive vector in preparation for sequencing the DNA. Individual recombinant clones were selected and the DNA sequence was used to begin the process of establishing a microbial profile characteristic of this acid mine drainage site.

Edited Tricloson is an antimicrobial agent commonly added to household and personal care products including toothpaste, deodorants, and antibacterial soaps. While Triclosan is generally considered non-toxic to humans, there is minimal evidence regarding the long-term effect of this chemical at these levels on humans. Additionally this chemical is one of many in the wastewater stream, which is not removed completely by treatment, and is, consequently, being released into aquatic environments. This study uses a model aquatic ecosystem to focus on the effect of Triclosan on fresh water invertebrates. A bioassy using Ceriodaphnia dubia, a common invertebrate, determined the level of Triclosan which results in population decline of the test organism. The model aquatic ecosystem, containing native snails are being exposed to a lower level of Triclosan for an extended time period. A western blot procedure was used used to determine if the snails in the model system are expressing one of the universal stress indicators, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), in response to Triclosan exposure.

edited Environmental microbiology encompasses the study of microbial life and seeks to understand the interactions of microbes in diverse environments. The massive Bald Mountain sulfide deposit, near Portage, Maine, is a metal-rich area where water run-off with low pH and leaching of metals into surface and groundwater are likely. Investigating microbes in such an environment may provide valuable insight into the ecology of one of Maine’s more extreme metal-rich environments. With assistance from USM Maine ScienceCorps fellows, Mr. Lowell’s students at Central Aroostook High School have begun this investigation. Both surface water and soil samples were collected and total DNA in the samples was extracted using a commercial kit for soil DNA extraction. These DNA samples contained microbial DNA to use as a template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for the conserved bacterial small ribosomal subunit (16S rRNA) gene. The amplified PCR products were cloned into the pDrive vector in order to isolate single bacterial DNA fragments. Individual recombinant clones were selected and the DNA sequenced to permit microbial identification of species present at this site.

Institutions of higher learning have an obligation, as responsible community members, to recognize the interdependence between institutions and the communities in which they reside as well as to engage students as citizens of their local communities. Through a panel of USM LAC Office of Community Service Learning (OCSL) leaders, we will discuss how institutions develop learning opportunities which challenge the belief that higher education occurs within a vacuum, isolated from the outside world. As the OCSL functions through a unique model of collaborative leadership we will explore how such opportunities develop student leadership while being supported and guided by faculty. In a departure from the expert model, OCSL students have played a key role in building partnerships with community members in order to identify needs from within the community, rather than bestowing service upon it. Perhaps the greatest accomplishment of the OCSL is the application of course content to everyday community problems and developing creative solutions to meet the needs of L-A community. The panel discussion will illuminate various OCSL projects resulting as a response to community needs including conversations on diversity in response to acts of discrimination on campus and student involvement in a community food assessment to assess food insecurities in Lewiston.

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Edited Osteopontin (OPN) is an acidic phosphorylated glycoprotein in the SIBLING family which is found and expressed in a variety of cell and tissue types. Abnormal expression of OPN is observed in almost all tumor types, and it is also believed to play a multifunctional role in tumor progression. The most significant functional domain of the OPN molecule is the integrin binding RGD motif at amino acids 159-161. OPN also contains a thrombin cleavage site which generates N-terminal and C-terminal fragments upon proteolysis. Several matrix metalloproteinases also cleave OPN in a thrombin mimicking manner resulting in similar fragments. A cryptic SVVYGLR integrin binding site is revealed upon thrombin cleavage resulting in an N-terminal OPN fragment with a C-terminal sequence of RGDSVVYGLR. Osteopontin promotes cellular adhesion through the RGD and cryptic sequences of both the intact molecule and cleaved fragments. The adhesive properties of a total of six recombinant osteopontin proteins mimicking thrombin or matrix metalloproteinase cleavage, lacking the RGDSVVYGLR sequence, or containing an RGE instead of RGD sequence were tested with two breast cancer cell lines. The ability of five previously developed OPN specific monoclonal antibodies to inhibit the adhesive properties of OPN was also determined.

Edited Recent studies indicate a relationship between aboveground herbivory and ecosystem nutrient cycling (Bradford et al., 2007). Energy flow within an ecosystem is directly related to its structure and function. The herbivorous fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) feeds on approximately 160 species of broad leaf trees (Kwon et al., 2008) influencing resource allocation, nutrient uptake, decomposition, and trophic level efficiency of varying magnitudes. This study explored herbivory impacts on a deciduous forest by the fall webworm to begin understanding the factors responsible for the resistance and recovery of a system when faced with disturbances. Ten webworm colonies were extracted from four Cherry trees (Prunus pensylvanica) and one Gray Birch (Betula populifolia) within the Portland Water District lands in Standish, Me. Webworm colonies were dissected, categorized into sub-samples based on composition, and analyzed for total mass and percent carbon. Green leaves had the highest percent carbon (96% ± 1.8%) followed by web material, frass, senesced leaves, worms, and finally brown leaves (76.5% ± 42.8%). Comparative analysis between consumed and uneaten leaf samples was used as a surrogate for nutrient fluxes occurring within the system and accurately represented trophic efficiency (0.05). These results suggest a low magnitude of disturbance by the fall webworm.

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Edited Dietary components influence the fatty acid composition of triglycerides in fish. Omega-3-fatty acids, essential in the human diet, are thought to be present in varying amounts depending on what livestock and fish are fed. These fatty acids were analyzed and compared in farm raised and wild caught fish.

Edited Dietary components influence the fatty acid composition of triglycerides in farm animals. Omega-3-fatty acids, essential in the human diet, are thought to be present in varying amounts depending on what livestock and fish are fed. These fatty acids will be analyzed and compared in grass fed and corn fed beef.

Edited This study is an evaluation of photocatalytic degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in wastewater using titanium oxide. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are persistent pollutants not easily removed from water supplies using conventional water treatment methods. As a result, alternative treatment methods may be necessary to remediate these contaminants from potable water supplies. Photocatalysis using TiO2 is an inexpensive, efficient and nontoxic means of remediating water supplies impacted with chlorinated hydrocarbons. This research studies the effectiveness of TiO2 in degrading chlorinated hydrocarbons under various conditions, including different UV wavelengths, varying time exposure to light, and the addition of various metal compounds. Water samples spiked chlorinated hydrocarbons were mixed with TiO2 and exposed to both sunlight, as well as UV light of varying wavelengths (254 nm and 365 nm). Samples were exposed to these light sources for varying durations to determine the extent of degradation with extended light exposure. In addition, copper (II) sulfate and zinc (II) chloride were added to TiO2 spiked samples to determine if the addition of metal contaminants would inhibit or enhance photocatalytic degradation of certain organic compounds.

edited Group-14 metalloles exhibit a dramatic increase in luminescence when forced to aggregate in binary solvent systems containing a poor solvent. A thorough understanding of the properties of these aggregates, most importantly stability, is essential for fully exploiting this aggregation-induced enhancement (AIE) phenomenon in practical applications. We studied the AIE effect of 1,1,2,3,4,5-hexaphenylgermole in mixed solvent systems containing tetrahydrofuran and varying percentages of deionized water with the goal of characterizing how the aggregates change with age. The emission intensity decreased over time and the wavelength of maximum emission became more and more blue-shifted. Evaluation of aggregate size via dynamic light scattering revealed that size does not change significantly for several hours after the solutions are prepared. Additionally, our initial results suggest there may be some correlation between aggregate size and metallole concentration.

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This study will examine the ways in which New England, as a regional identity, has been used in presidential campaigns since the late 20th century. Presidential candidates with origins in New England often treat the region differently when constructing and shaping their public images. While John F. Kennedy embraced his Massachusetts roots and even invited Robert Frost to speak at his inauguration, George H. W. Bush largely rejected his identity as a Mainer in favor of being seen as a Texan. To both these Presidents, New England was more than a home; it was a metaphor that spoke about American national identity, and as such, was exaggerated or hidden to fit the political climate of the time.

edited Internal shoulder impingement is a pinching of the posterior superior glenoid labrum, between the glenoid fossa and the humeral tuberosity. It is typically seen as an overuse injury in overhand-throwing athletes. This pathology causes posterior shoulder pain. New research suggests that this type of impingement may actually be a biomechanical issue that is already present, but completely benign. By initiating a preventative rehabilitation program, the symptoms of internal impingement could be controlled.

Edited Animals make many decisions regarding feeding behavior and often have to make tradeoffs between, for example, hunger and predation risk or energy input and energy gain in feeding. This study examined the tradeoff between aggression and hunger using male betta fish (Betta splendens), which display aggressively when viewing conspecifics. The objective of this study was to determine if aggression varied depending on hunger state. It is hypothesized that increased hunger will be associated with decreased time spent displaying. To test this hypothesis, male bettas were fed at varying intervals, ranging from twice a day to only once in three days, while simultaneously they were exposed to another male of similar size. The following measures were then taken: latency to display and levels of aggression from the time that food was added to when the bettas stopped or reduced their displays in order to feed.

edited Barrier islands offer not only protection to the mainland from severe weather patterns, but also provide a safe haven for migratory birds. Grand Isle, Louisiana, boasts one of the last remaining Quercus virginiana (live oak) and Celtis occidentalis (hackberry) forests on a barrier island and thus, it is important to restore and maintain these tracts of forests. The objectives of this study were to examine the species distribution of visiting birds, and to examine the ages and possible reasons for mortality of the trees located on the island. We determined the age and size distribution of the trees using increment borings and diameter tapes along predetermined transects. These borings will provide data on the age of the specimen, as well as suggest potential environmental historical events that effected the growth of the tree. Counts for the bird populations will determine total population and population diversity. All results will be presented to the local town council to increase awareness regarding species diversity and preservation. Data will also be compiled into a pamphlet for guests to the island.

Marine microbes maintain an integral role in the global ocean ecosystem. Within this community, marine cyanobacterial species, such as the extremely small (less than 1um) yet abundant Prochlorococcus, account for a significant portion of the microbial community. The biogeography (e.g. extent of the latitudinal distribution) of this cyanobacterial genus is still being explored; especially as increases in sea surface temperature due to global climate change may allow these populations to extend further towards the polar regions beyond the presumed 40 degree latitude “limit”. In December of 2008, our laboratory participated in a larger oceanographic research cruise in the Patagonian Shelf Upwelling Ecosystem of the Southern Atlantic. To explore the biogeography of microbial picoplankton, samples were collected along a North South transect (from 38S to 50S) in highly productive coastal slope water and deeper, nutrient-poor (oligotrophic) waters. Flow cytometry will be used to determine what types of picoplankton are present in these cooler, lower latitude waters. Additionally, on deck incubation experiments were conducted to explore the influence of increased carbon dioxide levels on the picoplankton community. We will present the experience of participating in an oceanographic research cruise, as well as the preliminary initial biogeographic results.

edited The Tetratricopeptide Repeat Protein 7 (Ttc7) gene was identified in 2005 through genomic analysis of the flaky skin (fsn ) mouse – a murine model utilized by our lab to study the regulation of lymphocyte development and the development of autoimmunity. Genetic studies of fsn mice indicate that Ttc7 is the only gene mutated in the genome, supporting our contention that this mutation plays an integral role in the development of the flaky skin phenotype. Compared to wild-type littermates, fsn mice exhibit multiple phenotypic aberrations including dermatitis and hematopoetic dysfunction, as well as specific immune system involvement including disruption of nodal, splenic and thymic architecture, lymphocyte population imbalance, and the production of autoantibodies.The Ttc7 gene of flaky skin mice contains a 5.7Kb retrotransposon insertion. In silico analysis of the amino acid sequence indicates that this insertion disrupts one of the TPR binding motifs. Mutation of this domain most likely interrupts key protein-protein interactions, altering cell signaling and resulting in physiologic dysfunction. A bacterial-2-hybrid screen revealed a number of potential protein partners of Ttc7, including hemoglobin-a, protein phosphatase-2A, and cystatin-3. How, when, and under what conditions these interactions occur, and what their significance is in signaling pathways, remains to be determined.

edited Early in the final larval instar of the moth, Manduca sexta, the primordia for the adult eye and other adult-specific tissues begins rapid growth. We are characterizing the hormonal factors required to sustain rapid, proliferative growth once metamorphic development has begun. We are examining proliferation in vivo as well as in an in vitro culture strategy to assay candidate compounds for stimulation of proliferation. Although the hemolymph titer of juvenile hormone normally falls to very low levels at this time, treatment with juvenile hormone mimics has no apparent effect on early steps in eye imaginal disc development. In contrast, a combination of the steroid, 20-hydoxyecdysone, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor shows dramatic stimulation of growth. We have also identified uncharacteristic growth factor activity present in the blood during this stage of development. Our findings are presented with a discussion of the endocrine control of insect metamorphosis.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a common statistically based classification technique, has been used to classify asteroids into broad spectral categories. In some cases, a spectral superclass considered in isolation may undergo sub-classification (e.g. S-type subclasses). Since D-type asteroids populate at least three distinct dynamical regions in the asteroid belt -- namely Hilda, L4 Trojans and L5 Trojans, and since the recently-developed "Nice" model (Morbidelli et al. 2005. Nature 435, 462; Levison et al. 2008, ACM 2008 abstract #8156) hypothesizes that these regions may share a common origin, examining the appropriateness of a D-type sub-classification scheme is warranted. Toward this end, we performed PCA on the D-type L4, L5, and Hilda asteroids. Our PCA was based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey broadband colors (u - g, g - r, g - i, and g - z) of 31 L4, 24 L5, and 32 Hilda asteroids with radii ranging from approximately 5 to 45 km. PCA showed 90.2% of the variance in the spectra could be condensed into the first two principal components, PC1 and PC2, with the first and second component accounting for 50.7% and 39.4% respectively. No significant clustering is observed on a PC1 vs. PC2 plot suggesting the D-type L4, L5, and Hilda asteroids do not form three independent groups, but rather are spectrally indistinguishable. We performed several statistical analyzes of the means and variances of the principal components to test the validity of this conclusion. No statistically significant difference in the means among the three groups was found, nor was there any such difference in the variances, although the statistic comparing the L4 Trojans and Hildas was close to the critical value. Further measurements of colors of both large and small Trojans and Hildas will let us continue to investigate the spectral diversity of these objects.

The purpose of this project is to control multiple robots simultaneously from a single PC. The control is provided by a software interface coded in Java that enables the user to execute tasks on each robot individually or as a group. The software delegates control to specific robots as needed but this control is transparent to the user. It also provides a simple graphical user interface that takes input and supplies feedback about the current command and execution states. The software interacts with a receiving program that constantly runs on the robots controller. The interaction between the two is provided by serial communication but has been designed to allow network configurations as well.

Ethanol, a potential biofuel, can be produced from wood, paper pulp, and paper. Paper, composed primarily of cellulose, can be enzymatically broken down into its constituent glucose units. Glucose can then be converted to ethanol via fermentation processes. Low quality paper - mixed office waste – will be analyzed to explore its potential as an ethanol precursor.

Edited Everyday people attend rehabilitation sessions. Many health care professionals work with clients to get them back as quick and as efficiently as possible. Aquatic therapy is an exercise program that is performed in the water to restore movement and strength through the use of heat, buoyancy, and resistance. Aquatic therapy decreases pain that decreases the need for prescription pain medications. The use of aquatic therapy is useful for patients with arthritis, healing of fractured bones, and patients who are overweight. By decreasing the amount of joint stress, exercises become easier and less painful to perform. What is it about water that allows one to experience less pain and more movement? Water’s buoyancy, that counteracts the downward force of gravity, provides the body with a sense of weightlessness and therefore decreases the pressure and tension on the joints. The buoyancy, support, diminished resistance and other unique properties of the aquatic environment enhance interventions for patients across a wide age span who experience musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and pulmonary diseases or conditions. When the body is supported by the buoyancy of the water, physical stress is reduced, flexibility, and function increase. Relaxation is often enhanced and recovery more comprehensive.

Ethanol, a potential biofuel, can be produced from wood, paper pulp, and paper. Paper, composed primarily of cellulose, can be enzymatically broken down into its constituent glucose units. Glucose can then be converted to ethanol via fermentation processes. Low quality paper - newsprint – will be analyzed to explore its potential as an ethanol precursor.

Dietary components influence the fatty acid composition of triglycerides in farm animals. Omega-3-fatty acids, essential in the human diet, are thought to be present in varying amounts depending on what livestock and fish are fed. These fatty acids will be analyzed in pasture and industrially raised chicken.

Dietary components influence the fatty acid composition of triglycerides in farm animals. Omega-3-fatty acids, essential in the human diet, are thought to be present in varying amounts depending on what livestock and fish are fed. These fatty acids will be analyzed in pasture and industrially raised pork.

New fuel cell technologies require electrolyte materials that are stable at high temperature and conduct protons at a high rate. Borane acids are a new set of materials that have shown the ability to act as proton conducting electrolytes. This work will examine the thermal stability, the energy changes relative to the temperature, and the ionic conductivity of the mixtures of the solid borane salts, such as Cs2B12(OH)12, with liquid acids, H3PO4 and H2SO4. Additionally, the properties of the mixtures will be reexamined to optimize stoichiometries for the highest conductivity. This research has indicated that a Grotthuss mechanism with a low activation enthalpy (9-13 kcal/mol) is used for conduction in these mixtures. Data presented here will show that certain acid/salt ratios have a 100 fold increase in the conductivity compared to pure cesium compounds.

Several epidemiological studies have found that children who drink ground water which is naturally contaminated with arsenic at levels that exceed the current EPA limit of 10 ppb are at risk for receiving lower scores on cognitive tests. In Maine, forty-five public water supplies, as well as an estimated 25% of private wells exceed the EPA limit. To establish whether arsenic is directly toxic to developing neurons we used rat and human cell culture models to determine the effects of sodium arsenite on neuronal development. We found reduced length and complexity in neurites exposed to sodium arsenite for three days or more. We hypothesized that this was due to the dysregulation of the RhoGTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 because arsenic has been known to disrupt these proteins in non-neuronal cell types. These RhoGTPases also play critical roles in normal neuron development and the formation of normal brain circuitry. We found that sodium arsenite increased the total levels of active RhoA. Direct inhibition of RhoA, or pharmacological inhibition of the RhoA effector protein ROCK, resulted in a partial rescue of the arsenic-induced deficits in neurite length.

The USM EGN403 lunar habitat project is to design and to build a scale lunar habitat system featuring a living space with a double hulled exterior wall filled with water acting as a shield against radiation, and helping to regulate temperature. The water used in the wall is part of a circulation system where recycled water is pumped by solar electricity from a lower collection tank to an elevated water tower and from there back into the wall. During times of weak sunlight the pressure from the pump may be augmented by gravity feed from the water tower. The project includes research offering potential solutions to problems such as ice formation. The habitat is fabricated using two acrylic domes of different diameters sealed together and attached along with solar panels to a substrate representing the Moon’s surface. The pump tank and water tower are external to the habitat as separate modules. Thermal, flow and pressure sensors are strategically located to monitor the habitat during experimentation. Among the questions investigated are how much flow and heat is needed to keep the water from freezing, how much power this requires.

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In May 2006 soil samples were collected on the Rongbuk glacier of Mt Everest (Qomolangma) from 5334 m to 6553 m and surface snow samples (0-10 cm) were collected along the climbing route of the northeast ridge from 6858 m to 7752 m. The samples were analyzed for Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, As, Mn, Hg, and V using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Results show that arsenic and cadmium are both above Environmental Protection Agency drinking water guidelines in all snow samples and arsenic is above the Environmental protection Agency soil screening guidelines in all soil samples. There was a clear trend in element variation in the soil samples with the highest concentrations found at 5944 m. There was no clear trend detected in the snow samples, possibly due to vertical mixing of surface snow. Anthropogenic sources are suspected to have contributed to the elevated concentrations of both cadmium and arsenic.

Every year millions of people, most of which children, die from diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene. According to the World Health Organization each and every day some 3,900 children die because of dirty water or poor hygiene; diseases transmitted through water or human excrement are the second-leading cause of death among children worldwide. The team will research the problem and then offer solutions to specific problems utilizing a technological based solution. The implementation of a decent infrastructure and spreading of education will improve the troubled area’s way of living. The use of a septic system will be researched to control the human waste and restricting the sewage flow into the water supply. The country’s topography will be analyzed to depict where the best spots for the storage to be placed, decreasing the possibility of drinking water that contains harmful bacteria. Ultimately, the solution will lead to less hygiene and sanitation infections.

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Obtaining clean water is a major obstacle in the lives of people in the third world, including rural areas of the Dominican Republic. This project is dedicated to solving the problem of insufficient and unsanitary water supply for the 300 people in the village of La Tinajita, Dominican Republic. In January of 2009 four members of the USM Engineering Department visited the village to do a needs assessment. We surveyed the geography of the community of La Tinajita using a compass and an Abney level. We studied the condition of the water sources and the piping systems, and measured the available flow output by determining the time it takes to fill a five gallon bucket. We also mapped the existing water system through a combination of observation and speaking with community members. The completed project will include a complete design and implementation of our recommendations to the community. This project will dramatically improve the quantity and quality of water for the villagers of La Tinajita, thus reducing water-related health problems for both children and adults.

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This study compared the concentration of trace metals (As, Mn, Mg, and Fe) in cattails (Typha latifolia) and common reeds (Phragmites australis) in a constructed wetland treatment system designed to treat leachate from a closed balefill. Two cattails and two reeds were taken from each of five separate sites on the perimeter of the first treatment cell. Sampled plants were separated into roots and shoots for individual analysis. The samples were washed to remove soil, dried at room temperature, ashed in a muffle furnace, extracted using nitric acid, and analyzed in an ICP for As, Mn, Mg, and Fe. Results were assessed with a two-sample T-test. There was no statistical difference in the concentration of As, Mn, or Fe between cattails and reeds. A statistically greater concentration of Mg was found in cattails than in reeds (p=0.023). In cattails, concentrations were greater in roots than shoots for As (p=0.032) and Fe (p=0.001). Reed roots showed a greater concentration than shoots for As (p=0.000), Mg (p=0.000), and Fe (p=0.000).

Whether it is football, basketball, or track season, an individual within a team will not only need to mind the type of shoe related to their sport, but also the biomechanics of each individual’s foot. Athletic teams around the world at various competition levels purchase team shoes to create a fashionable sense of unity. Inside the shoe, one must understand the shape and angles of one’s foot to truly understand the correct fit for an individual that begins to develop detrimental effects; rather than deeming the shoe as “not broken in”. Problems from improper shoe fitting, along with individual biomechanics, can cause issues to different areas of the kinetic chain. The goal of this analysis is to demonstrate the relationship between one’s foot and each step within its shoe. The analysis will focus primarily on the fitting of a shoe for a basketball player, while stressing individual differences in foot biomechanics.

The Big 5 Model suggests personality is composed of five traits: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Efforts to measure these traits have involved a 300 item questionnaire (Goldberg, 1999). Donnellan et al (2006) have suggested that long questionnaires such as this may end up putting participants in a negative mood or lead them to respond carelessly because of the length of the assessment. They have proposed shortening the scale to twenty items referred to as the Mini IPIP. This study will examine the validity of this abbreviated scale by determining if it predicts academic functioning, gender differences, satisfaction with life, and gratitude.

Based on data gathered by Maine’s Department of Marine Resources a comparison of annual seal strandings will be evaluated for the York county area. The data will be based on a five year span from 2003-2008. Attention will be given to the effects of closing one of four rehabilitation centers in the state of Maine.

The unknown health effects of lunar particles have become a major concern because of the intention of NASA to establish a lunar base in the next two decades. As a first step towards investigating the toxicity of lunar dust on developing neurons we have used PC12 cells in culture. These cells have been used for many years as a model for neuron differentiation. In conjunction with the Wise Lab, we have begun characterizing the effects titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, manganese dioxide and silver nanoparticles on cell survival and outgrowth in differentiating PC12 cells. Titanium, aluminum and manganese are known components of lunar particles. Cell survival rates over five days were analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. We quantified the proportion of fragmented nuclei, an indicator of cell death, using Hoechst staining. The proportion of dying cells with damaged membranes was quantified using Sytox green staining. Effects on PC12 outgrowth were assessed by photographing exposed cells and using the program ImageJ to quantify the number of neurites and branches formed at five days. Once we have characterized the effects of these particles on PC12 cells, we will conduct similar experiments with synthetic lunar dust.

Students will present their service learning projects detailing their work with community partners assisting refugees in Portland.

Students will present their service learning projects detailing their work with community partners assisting refugees in Portland.

Scientific ballooning offers a relatively affordable way to do high altitude scientific research and aerial photography. For less than $500 per launch, a balloon can take cameras and experiments to the edge of the atmosphere. Additionally, learning about, operating, upgrading and expanding the ballooning system also provides educational opportunities and hands-on experiences for engineering students. With support from the Maine Space Consortium, USM Engineering has been working to bring scientific ballooning to southern Maine. This project has three elements of the main flight module. The power supply system supplies energy for all the electronic hardware supporting experiments during balloon flights. A digital camera system is controlled from the ground to capture and store numerous aerial images. Amateur (Ham) radios provide two-way communication with onboard computer and GPS tracking system. Additional components of communication system are microcontroller and circuit packs that will perform encoding and decoding of messages carried using ‘very high’ spectrum radio frequencies. The goal of our project is to provide all necessary electronic hardware to make our overall ballooning system flight ready, with a target test flight in late April.

People in rural areas of Central America and the Caribbean are in need of clean drinking water; however they lack the means of providing it due to high expenses, unavailable materials, and poor sanitation. Rainwater harvesting is one method of providing water to areas with inadequate water supply and financial resources. A cost-effective solution for implementation of rainwater harvesting is using existing infrastructure such as rooftop surfaces. This project analyzes rainfall data and building practices to calculate potential water harvested from catchment areas, and compares that potential to the existing needs. The results of this comparison will determine whether this method is feasible for the particular region. The results will also determine size requirements for a collection tank to store the harvested water. A successful implementation of this system requires durable and affordable materials and methods for keeping the harvested water safe during storage. It is expected that this system will be sufficient to provide a supplementary water supply for many impoverished areas and possibly a complete supply of clean water in areas with high rainfall. This rainwater harvesting design provides a simple cost effective, low-maintenance supply of clean natural water.

Students will present their service learning projects detailing their work with community partners assisting refugees in Portland.

Students will present their service learning projects detailing their work with community partners assisting refugees in Portland.

Students will present their service learning projects detailing their work with community partners assisting refugees in Portland.

A J2ME mobile ticketing client is being developed to interface to a help desk system. This application currently enables workers in the field to create and edit tickets using a mobile device. A mobile geospatial framework adhering to the Open Geospatial Consortium's standards was developed to establish communication between a mobile device and GeoServer using HTTP connectivity. GeoServer allows an application to manage and display geospatial data. It supports Web-Feature Service Transactions (WFS-T) and Web Map Services (WMS) which enable users to edit and retrieve data contained on the server. The framework also provides a location determination component using the J2ME JSR 179 specification. This project integrates the mobile geospatial framework into the J2ME mobile ticketing client. Technicians in the field will be able to update their locations to a PostGIS datastore in GeoServer from a mobile device. They will be able to filter tickets based on their location and expertise and view a map of the results.

The project goal is to create interaction between two robotic arms. The Staubli and Scara manipulators could possibly be more effective being operated from a single work station. This will be accomplished using a single computer code that allows their different languages to work in sync. In order to make this happen, each robotic arm must have a similar work space and end effector in order to perform similar operations. To facilitate a similar work environment the Scara safety cage was removed and fail safes bypassed. A sturdy frame was created using scrap from the cage and a table top mirroring the Staubli's. The Staubli robot currently has a plexiglas gripper with pneumatically controlled aluminum hardware. Modifications will be made to the Scara end effector so that grippers are interchangeable between robots. Once the Scara has established the ability to utilize a pneumatic gripper we will install air control and electronic interface. This will allow the two systems to operate in similar work environments from a single work station.

Presentation of moderate to extreme swelling and pain can occur with a variation of knee pathologies. Lipoma arborescens is a benign tumor, able to develop anywhere in the body, but is most commonly found in the knee. Although rare, lipoma arborescens present similar signs and symptoms as many other knee pathologies. Through close examination, diagnostic testing and evaluation of characteristics, the precise pathology can be determined.

The purpose of this abstract is to investigate the previous literature regarding shoulder rehabilitation to determine if these previous rehab protocols used scapular stabilization. The shoulder of overhand athletes are susceptible to overuse sports injuries. Athletes who have sustained shoulder injuries such as rotator cuff strain, impingement, labral tears and instability are prescribed to do rotator cuff strengthening; however during their rehabilitation program scapula stabilization is often not addressed. Scapula dysfunction is found in as many as 68% of rotator cuff problems, and 100% of glenohumeral instability diagnoses (Brumitt, 2002). The muscles providing scapular stabilization are rhomboids, trapezius, and serratus anterior. Scapular retraction provides a stable base from which the arm elevates and extends in external rotation for overhand and throwing motions. Included in the study of rehabilitation programs should be strengthening exercises for the scapular stabilizers (serratus anterior, rhomboids and trapezius,) as well as including rotator cuff strengthening.

Throughout the world access to clean water is an ongoing struggle and ultraviolet light may be an effective means to provide clean water. The purpose of this project is to research and possibly develop a relatively inexpensive, simple and feasible ultraviolet purification system in areas where water is available but suffers from major contamination problems. This project proposes to research contamination issues and how they affect populations. Methods of providing reliable electrical power to this system will also be researched. The expectation is that levels of water contamination can be reduced to a safe level quickly and easily without major expenses to the local population. Access to clean water is a major problem and must be addressed. Ultraviolet light purification can be a valuable tool to this problem.